![]() ![]() Inside the Milanese commune, united in its defense until then, conflicts between rival factions began. When Frederick II died in 1250, the war engaged by the Lombard League and Milan against him ended. He was succeeded by a short-lived republic and then by his son-in-law Francesco I Sforza, who established the reign of the House of Sforza. Visconti rule in Milan ended with the death of Filippo Maria Visconti in 1447. ![]() The Visconti ruled Milan until the early Renaissance, first as Lords, then, from 1395, with the mighty Gian Galeazzo, who endeavored to unify Northern Italy and Tuscany, as Dukes. In these localities, a castle ( Massino), its remains ( Invorio), or a later reconstruction of the initial building ( Oleggio Castello) are still visible today. The first of such cases were the Visconti di Massino, the Visconti di Invorio, and the Visconti di Oleggio Castello. The other branches' members frequently added to their surname the name of the place where they chose to live and where a fortification was available for their residence. ![]() Among them, the one that gave origin to the lords and dukes of Milan allegedly descended from Uberto, who died in the first half of the 13th century. The family dispersed into several branches, some of which obtained fiefs far off from Milan. 1 March 1162, Ottone Visconti is the first Milanese appearing in the list of authorities surrendering to the Barbarossa after the capitulation of the city (19th-century engraving) His death in 1213, was probably caused by poisoning. An attempt to have him elected archbishop of Milan failed in 1212 amidst growing tensions between opposite factions inside the city. A member of the following generation, Ariprando, was bishop of Vercelli between 12 when he also played the role of Papal legate for Innocent III. The primary role of Ottone in the political life of the Milanese commune emerges in the period of the confrontation with Frederick Barbarossa: his name is the first to be cited, March 1, 1162, in the group of Milanese leaders who surrendered to the emperor after the capitulation of the city that took place in the previous weeks. Ī second Ottone, son of Guido, is attested in the documentary sources between 11. Based on a document issued in 1157, the Visconti were considered holders of the captaincy of Marliano (today Mariano Comense) since the time of archbishop Landulf however, the available documentation cannot infer such a conclusion. Another royal document, issued by Conrad III in 1142 as well, attests to the Visconti's entitlement to the fodrum in Albusciago and Besnate. In 1142, King Conrad III confirmed the investiture in a diploma released to Guido in Ulm. Here, another family member was present in the second half of the 12th century as the castellan ( custos) of the local archiepiscopal fortress. In 1134, Guido Visconti, son of Ottone, received from the abbot of Saint Gall the investiture of the court of Massino, a strategic location on the hills above Lake Maggiore, near Arona. ![]() These circumstances demonstrate their participation in the Milanese society in the years before 1075 and, ultimately, their Lombard origin. A relationship with the Litta, a Milanese vavasour family subordinate to the Visconti in the feudal hierarchy, is also documented. In the first documents where they appear, Ottone and his offspring declared that they abided by the Lombard law and acted in connection with other Milanese families of the noble upper class ( capitanei). In 1111 in Rome, Ottone was captured and executed after attempting to defend Henry V from an assault. His death's circumstances confirm the relationship with the imperial family. In the years following 1075, Ottone Visconti is shown in the proximity of the Salian dynasty's sovereigns, Henry IV and his son Conrad. Ariprando Visconti's family is believed to have pre-existed in Milan and obtained the title of viscount, which became hereditary throughout the male descent. The first evidence is on October 5, 1075, when Ariprando Visconti and his son Ottone ("Ariprandus Vicecomes", "Otto Vicecomes filius Ariprandi") attended and signed together some legal documents in Milan. The earliest members of the Visconti lineage appeared in Milan in the second half of the 11th century. Depiction of the biscione swallowing a child, the coat of arms of the House of Visconti, on the Archbishop's palace in Piazza Duomo in Milan, Italy Origins The effective founder of the Visconti Lordship of Milan was the Archbishop Ottone, who wrested control of the city from the rival Della Torre family in 1277. They rose to power in Milan during the Middle Ages where they ruled from 1277 to 1447, initially as Lords then as Dukes, and several collateral branches still exist. The Visconti of Milan are a noble Italian family. (Latin for "I will not violate the customs of the serpent") ![]()
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